Night-time temperatures have increased faster than daytime temperatures. Global surface temperatures have risen by 1 ☌ and are expected to rise further in the future. Global warming affects all elements of Earth's climate system. Observed and future changes in temperatureĪverage surface air temperatures from 2011 to 2021 compared to the 1956–1976 average.

10.3 Social impacts on vulnerable groups.

9.2 Most affected sectors apart from agriculture and fisheries.

8 Health, food security and water security.

7 Tipping points and irreversible impacts.

2.2 Heat waves and temperature extremes.

1 Observed and future changes in temperature.

Climate change can result in environmental migration, especially in developing countries where people are directly dependent on land for food. They also have much lower levels of capacity available for coping with environmental change. Some groups may be particularly at risk from climate change, such as the poor, women, children and indigenous peoples. Economic sectors that are likely to be affected include agriculture, fisheries, forestry, energy, insurance, financial services, tourism, and recreation. Wealthy industrialised countries, which have emitted the most CO 2, have more resources and so are the least vulnerable to global warming. The vulnerability and exposure of humans to climate change varies by economic sector and by country. Climate change has profound impacts on human health, directly via heat stress and indirectly via the spread of infectious diseases. įood security and access to fresh water are at risk due to rising temperatures. Coral reefs and shellfish are vulnerable to the combined threat of ocean warming and acidification.

Between 1% and 50% of species on land were assessed to be at substantially higher risk of extinction due to climate change. On land, species move to higher elevations, whereas marine species find colder water at greater depths.

Species worldwide are migrating poleward to colder areas. Recent warming has strongly affected natural biological systems. Ĭlimate change has degraded land by raising temperatures, drying soils and increasing wildfire risk. The uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is leading to ocean acidification. Even if global surface temperature is stabilized, sea levels will continue to rise and the ocean will continue to absorb excess heat from the atmosphere for many centuries. Since 1970, the ocean has absorbed more than 90% of the excess heat in the climate system. Physical changes include extreme weather, glacier retreat, sea level rise, declines in Arctic sea ice, and changes in the timing of seasonal events (such as earlier spring flowering). Global warming changes regional climate via the melting of ice, changes in the hydrological cycle (such as rainfall) and changing currents in the oceans. In particular, land areas change more quickly than oceans, and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics. The changes in climate are not uniform across the Earth. Effects that scientists predicted in the past-loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat waves-are now occurring. The future impact of climate change depends on how much nations reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change. The effects of climate change span the impacts on physical environment, ecosystems and human societies due to human-caused climate change. Some effects act as feedbacks that intensify climate change.

The primary causes and the wide-ranging impacts of global warming and climate change.

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